Mídia, violência e exclusão social

PNUD Brasil: "Os meios de comunicação no Brasil dão mais destaque à falta de segurança do que às causas desse problema, indica uma pesquisa que analisou 1.315 textos (entre reportagens, artigos, editoriais e entrevistas) veiculados em 57 jornais de todos os Estados em 2004. O levantamento, feito pela ANDI (Agência de Notícias do Direito da Infância), levou em conta apenas os materiais que mencionassem a expressão “direitos humanos” ou palavras similares, como “cidadania” e “direito”.

A análise verificou que a maior parte das matérias (24,9%) tinha alguma relação com segurança, guerra, violência e conflitos armados. Já fome, pobreza, exclusão e desigualdade (2,6%), educação (2,2%) e renda, trabalho e desemprego (1,1%) apareceram com freqüência bem menor. Outros problemas sociais, como acesso a água e saneamento (0,8%) e habitação (0,5%), também receberam menos atenção da mídia."

Equity in LA & C

De: Equity, Health & Human Development [mailto:EQUIDAD@LISTSERV.PAHO.ORG]
Ruggiero, Mrs. Ana Lucia (WDC)Enviada em: terça-feira, 29 de agosto de 2006 11:22
Equity in Latin America Since the 1990s

Pedro Sáinz is a consultant for the Inter-American Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas (INE) Chile and Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Statistica (IBGE) on public information systems as well as on poverty analysis and policies. He was Director of the Economic Projections Centre and of the Statistical Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago (ECLAC).
DESA Working Paper No. 22 - ST/ESA/2006/DWP/22 - June 2006
Department of Economic and Social Affairs - United Nations - New York, N.Y., USA

Available online as PDF file [24p.] at: http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2006/wp22_2006.pdf

This paper deals with the social welfare consequences of the stagnation of Latin American growth per capita during the far-reaching economic and social changes that took place during the period 1980-2003. This period of transformation saw large-scale foreign actors gradually increase their economic and political power in Latin America, with negative consequences for domestic economies, especially in terms of increasing income inequality and rising poverty.

The only major tendency mitigating these adverse trends was an increase in public expenditure in the social sector during the 1990s, which offset, but did not eliminate, the increased inequality associated with the economic transformation.


Contents
Openness, economic change and equity
Macroeconomic features
Labour market
Social policies Objectives
Outcomes
Social expenditure
Broad social outcomes
Poverty alleviation
Income distribution
Sectoral outcomes
Education
Health and housing
The public debate on equity
References

Paulo Lotufo: Blog

Blog do Paulo Lotufo
Paulo Lotufo (É AMICOR)

Location:São Paulo, Brazil

Médico formado na Faculdade de Medicina da USP em 1980, com mestrado (1993) e doutorado (1996) na Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. Pós-doutorado na Harvard Medical School (1997-99), Livre-Docente (2002) e Professor Titular do Departamento de Clínica Médica da FMUSP. Superintendente do Hospital Universitário da USP desde 2003. Coordenador do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-SP). Diretor Científico da Associação Paulista de Medicina (1999-2005) e ex-editor de "Diagnóstico & Tratamento" e "Sao Paulo Medical Journal". Conflitos de interesse: participou de pesquisa subsidiada pela Bristol-Myers Squibb (Clarity ou TIMI 28) e recebe apoio da Pfizer do Brasil para o braço cardiovascular do projeto Sao Paulo MegaCity.

View my complete profile

Links

• Google News
• Edit-Me
• Edit-Me

Previous Posts

• Dica de livros: os custos da indústria farmacêutica.
• NEJM (24/08/2006) Fatores prognósticos na Doença de Chagas.
• ABRASCO (3) Mudanças e Permanências do Comportamento Sexual da População Brasileira
• ABRASCO(2): Demografia, a redução da esperança de vida na África do Sul e na Rússia.
• The Lancet (19/08/2006):

50 Coolest Websites 2006 (Time.com)

TIME.com: 50 Coolest Websites:
"50 Coolest Websites How do we select our finalists? We evaluate hundreds of candidates—some suggested by readers, colleagues and friends, others discovered during countless hours of surfing. Many of this year's choices are shining examples of Web 2.0: next-generation sites offering dynamic new ways to inform and entertain, sites with cutting-edge tools to create, consume, share or discuss all manners of media, from blog posts to video clips. Think we missed one? Send us your thoughts and we'll post a selection of your comments online. There's always next year. By MARYANNE MURRAY BUECHNER

SUBSCRIBE TO TIMEPRINT-->
E-MAILMORE BY AUTHOR
A variety of amusements, from classic rock to famous photography, collage art to custom radio, plus our favorite video web logs
Drawn!
Jumpcut
Sundance Splinks
Wolfgang's Vault
Photo Muse
Podcast Pickle
Pandora
The 9
YouTube
Yummy food, Hollywood fashion and helping hands for those do-it-yourself projects
Phone Scoop
Delicious Days
Not Martha
Shop Intuition
Kids-In-Mind
Mighty Goods
Zunafish
The Web's best war correspondent, a snarky sports blog, the pioneers of "social news" more
The Morning News
Kevin Sites in the Hot Zone
Charity Navigator
Footnoted
Tailrank
Deadspin
Digg
The Human Clock
A humming social network, community sing-along, instant-messaging hub, mobile-launched pub-crawls and numbers-crunching by committee
MySpace
Google Spreadsheets
SingShot
Meebo
Dodgeball
Juicy celebrity gossip, mindless computer games and other guilty pleasures
TMZ
Shockwave
Yu-Gi-Oh Groove
Cute Overload
Jackson Pollock by Miltos Manetas
Number Logic
An airfare predictor and subway guide, restaurant reviews and car sharing
Zipcar
Farecast
Kayak
Zillow
HopStop
CentralPark
Yelp
Ordering take-out, finding phone numbers and a slew of alternative search engines
Accoona
Kosmix
Snap
Pixsy
Argali White & Yellow
Blurb
Seamless Web
McAfee SiteAdvisor

Atlas de Saúde do Brasil

Atlas de Saúde do Brasil
(Recomendado por Carlos Alberto Machado [carlos.a.machado@uol.com.br])

Coffe & Health

De: Darcy Lima [mailto:drlima@cafeesaude.com.br]
Enviada em: terça-feira, 22 de agosto de 2006 07:31
Assunto: the coffee blogPrioridade: Alta

Now you can drink , read and comment about good and healthy coffee at the internet :
coffeendhealth
http://coffeendhealth.blogspot.com/
This Blog Coffeendhealth is a communication instrument of all coffee drinkers worldwide primarily interested in healthy effects of coffee, with a focus on disease prevention and quality of coffee.

The Human Security Report 2005

The Human Security Report: " The first Human Security Report documents a dramatic, but largely unknown, decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuse over the past decade. Published by Oxford University Press, the Report argues that the single most compelling explanation for these changes is found in the unprecedented upsurge of international activism, spearheaded by the UN, which took place in the wake of the Cold War."

Site da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes

Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes
Vale a pena visitar e inclusive assinar boletim gratuito.
É comandado pelo AMICOR de Brasília Reginaldo Hollanda Albuquerque.

Alerta para informação não confiável! (AMICOR 2318 -sites útieis 13)

Agradecendo o alerta do Nabil e repassando:
De: Nabil Ghorayeb [mailto:ghorayeb@cardiol.br]
Enviada em: domingo, 20 de agosto de 2006 18:38
Para: Aloyzio AchuttiAssunto: Re: [2318 - AMICOR - 20/08/2006]
Prioridade: Alta
Atenção Dr Achutti o item 13 (site úteis)

13. Vacina anti-câncer (pele e rins), desenvolvida por cientistas médicosbrasileiros, fabricada em laboratório utilizando um pequeno pedaço do tumor do próprio paciente. Em 30 dias está pronta, e é remetida para o médicooncologista do paciente. Hospital Sirio Libanês - Grupo Genoma - Fone doLaboratório: 0800-7737327 (falar com Dra Ana Carolina ou DraKaryn, para maiores detalhes)OBS: ESTA VACINA DEVE SER SOLICITADA PELO MÉDICO ONCOLOGISTA: http://www.picasa.com/ www.picasa.com
é uma grande picaretagem . Isso não existe, por favor explique ao seus internautas para não entrarem nessa
Abs
Nabil Ghorayeb

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale - encyclopedia article about Florence Nightingale.: "Florence Nightingale, OM (12 May 1820–13 August 1910), who came to be known as The Lady with the Lamp, was the pioneer of modern nursing. Each year, the International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birth anniversary. "

World: Developing nations fuel global migration pattern

World: Developing nations fuel global migration pattern
The Associated Press
Tucson, Arizona Published: 08.18.2006

WASHINGTON — Nearly 3 million people a year migrate from developing countries to industrialized nations, including 1 million to the United States, a population research group said Thursday.
Almost half — 1.4 million — move to Europe, which is nevertheless facing unprecedented population losses from low birth rates. The U.S. attracts more immigrants than any other country, fueling a national debate on immigration policy.
Other destinations include Canada, Australia and the United Arab Emirates, which has a better economy than much of the Middle East.
The biggest suppliers of immigrants are China, India and Mexico, according to the report by the Population Reference Bureau, a Washington research group.
For some, it's the chance to escape poverty, whether they plan to raise families in their new countries or send money home. For others, it's the opportunity to flee political or civil unrest.
"The average Indian family earns the equivalent of $2,200 a year," said Carl Haub, a demographer. "If they migrate to Europe and have no skills, they can be a cabdriver. If they have computer skills, they can earn $50,000 a year, an amount unimaginable back home."
The Population Reference Bureau compiles its annual World Population Data Sheet using information from governments, the United Nations and international aid organizations.
Europe and the U.S. have very different immigration histories. The United States is a nation of immigrants, yet Washington is embroiled in a debate about what to do about an estimated 11 million to 12 million illegal immigrants, most of whom are from Mexico and other Latin American countries.
The Senate, backed by President Bush, has passed a bill that would provide a path to citizenship for many of them. The House has passed a bill that would make them felons.
Europe and industrialized countries in Asia have been less receptive to large waves of immigrants, adding to their population woes.
Comings and goings
● The countries that attract and lose the most migrants each year:
The gainers:
Net Country Population Migration
United States 299,112,000 1,005,016
Italy 58,990,000 294,950
Spain 45,511,000 282,168
U.A.E. 4,937,000 264,623
United Kingdom 60,473,000 223,145
Canada 32,582,000 214,715
Australia 20,575,000 112,751
Russia 142,336,000 106,183
Malaysia 26,894,000 100,315
Germany 82,387,000 98,864
The losers:
Net Country Population Migration
China 1,311,416,000 -563,909
India 1,121,788,000 -523,512
Mexico 108,327,000 -411,643
Indonesia 225,465,000 -315,651
Iran 70,324,000 -281,296
Pakistan 165,804,000 -198,965
Philippines 86,264,000 -189,781
Sudan 41,236,000 -123,708
Egypt 75,437,000 -90,524
Tanzania 37,858,000 -68,144
Source: Population Reference Bureau

Global Health in the Time of Violence

Global Health in the Time of Violence:
"What are the prospects for human health in a world threatened by disease and violence? Since World War II, at least 160 wars have erupted around the globe. Over 24 million people have died in these conflicts. Others have experienced significant health trauma from these and other forms of violence. To address this issue, SAR has invited ten global health scholars and practitioners to examine the impact of structural, military, and communal violence on health, psychosocial well being, and health care delivery. Participants will explore alternative global health paradigms that situate health policies and practices within the fields of violence that define our modern world. By framing global health in terms of the nature, scale, pervasiveness and ubiquity of violence, this seminar will further our understanding of this critical issue and provide insights that can be used to develop more effective policies and programs."

Ancient blue war paint from plant rich in cancer fighting compound

Ancient blue war paint from plant rich in cancer fighting compound: "Glucobrassicin, a compound in plants which is known to be an anti-cancer agent has been discovered in a plant that gave ancient Britons and Celts their blue war paint.
The compound, traditionally associated with broccoli has been found in far greater quantities in the plant Woad, another member of the brassicaceae family like cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, kale, turnips, radish and kohl rabi, mustard, horseradish, wasabi and watercress.
Glucobrassicin has been found to be effective against breast cancer.
Stefania Galletti and her team at the University of Bologna, Italy, found that the plant contains twenty times more cancer fighting chemical glucobrassicin than its relative, broccoli, which they enhanced to nearly 65 times using various treatments.
The compound plays a defensive role in plants, and the researchers found that when leaves are damaged, for example, by insects, they are able to increase levels of glucobrassicin by 30% which is released as a defence mechanism."

Odoevsky: predicting Internet and Blogging in 1837

Odoevsky - encyclopedia article about Odoevsky.: "Recently, Odoevsky has been credited to have predicted blogging, and the basic principles of the Internet. In his unfinished utopian novel Year 4338, written in 1837 but not published until 1926, he mused: Finally, today we received a household journal from the prime minister, where we, among others, were invited to a soiree. You need to know that in many houses, especially those well connected, such journals are published, having replaced regular correspondence. <...> The journals usually provide information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations; in case of a dinner invitation, also the menu. Besides, for communicating in emergency, friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other. "

Never-Marrieds Have the Highest Risk of Early Death

Never-Marrieds Have the Highest Risk of Early Death - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today: "LOS ANGELES, Aug. 10 -- Unmarried life may impinge on life expectancy, according to researchers here.
Those who have never married have a 58% higher risk of an earlier death, compared with a married reference group, found Robert Kaplan, Ph.D., of the University of California at Los Angeles and Richard Kronick, Ph.D., of UC San Diego.
Strikingly, the 58% never-married penalty was also higher than the 27% combined death rates for those who were separated or divorced and the 39% rate for widowed persons. they reported in the August issue of the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
Drs. Kaplan and Kronick suggested that those who have never married may require special attention. Their risks, they said, rival the risks of having increased blood pressure or high cholesterol. 'Our data suggest that being never married deserves a separate category and more research attention,' they wrote. "

Cancer found to spread among world's dogs as a parasite:

TheStar.com - Cancer found to spread among world's dogs as a parasite: "A strange form of cancer is being transmitted as an infectious agent among the world's dogs, without help from viruses or bacteria, a research team in England has found.
The discovery, reported in the journal Cell, shows how a single cancer cell can become a parasite, grow and then spread worldwide in susceptible animals. The researchers said the disease is apparently transmitted sexually. It arose in wolves as much as 2,500 years ago, then spread to coyotes and dogs.
The new study is the first to document cancer being spread from animal to animal on its own. Viruses are known to cause some cancers when they damage critical genes during infection. But now it's clear cancer can get around solo, then spread through a population."

28 SITES ÚTEIS - MUITO INTERESSANTE!

(Enviado por Rosa Sampaio Vila-Nova [rosa.sampaio@superig.com.br])
01. Serviço dos cartórios de todo o Brasil, que permite solicitardocumentos via internet: http://www.cartorio24horas.com.br/index.php
02. Site de procura e reserva de hotéis em todo o Brasil, por cidade, porfaixa de preços, reservas etc.: http://www.soleis.adv.br/
05. Tenha a telinha do aeroporto de sua cidade em sua casa, chegadas e partidas: http://www.infraero.gov.br/sivnet/index.php?lang=bra
06. Encontre a melhor operadora para utilizar em suas chamadas telefônicas: http://sistemas.anatel.gov.br/sipt/Atualizacao/Importante.asp
07. Encontre a melhor rota entre dois locais em uma mesma cidade ou entre duas cidades, sua distância, além de localizar a rua de sua cidade: http://www.mapafacil.com.br
08. Encontre o mapa da rua das cidades, além de localizar cidades: http://mapas.terra.com.br/Callejero/home.asp
09. Confira as condições das estradas do Brasil, além da distância entre ascidades: http://www.dnit.gov.br/www.dnit.gov.br
10. Caso tenha seu veiculo furtado, antes mesmo de registrar ocorrência napolícia, informe neste site o furto. O comunicado às viaturas da DPRF éimediato: http://www.dprf.gov.br/?link=alerta
11. Tenha o catálogo telefônico do Brasil inteiro em sua casa. Procure otelefone daquele amigo que estudou contigo no colégio: http://www.102web.com.br/ www.102web.com.br
12. Confira os melhores cruzeiros, datas, duração, preços, roteiros, etc.: http://www.bestpricecruises.com/default.asp
13. Vacina anti-câncer (pele e rins), desenvolvida por cientistas médicosbrasileiros, fabricada em laboratório utilizando um pequeno pedaço do tumor do próprio paciente. Em 30 dias está pronta, e é remetida para o médicooncologista do paciente. Hospital Sirio Libanês - Grupo Genoma - Fone doLaboratório: 0800-7737327 (falar com Dra Ana Carolina ou DraKaryn, para maiores detalhes)OBS: ESTA VACINA DEVE SER SOLICITADA PELO MÉDICO ONCOLOGISTA: http://www.picasa.com/ www.picasa.com
15. Semelhante ao Internet Explorer, porém muito mais rápido e eficiente, elhe permite adicionar os botões que desejar, ou seja, manipulado como você odesejar: http://www.mozilla.org.br/firefox
16. Site de procura, semelhante ao GOOGLE: http://www.gurunet.com/ www.gurunet.com
17. Site que lhe dá as horas em qualquer lugar do mundo: http://www.timeticker.com/main.htm
18. Site que lhe permite fazer pesquisas dentro de livros: http://www.a9.com
19. Site que lhe diz tudo do Brasil desde o descobrimento por Cabral: http://www.historiadobrasil.com.br
20. Site que o ajuda a conjugar verbos em 102 Idiomas: http://www.verbix.com
21. Site de conversão de Unidades: http://www.webcalc.com.br/conversoes/area.html
22. Site para envio de e-mails pesados, acima de 50Mb: http://www.dropload.com
23. Site para envio de E-mails pesados, sem limite de capacidade: http://www.sendthisfile.com
24. Site que calcula qualquer correção desde 1940 até hoje, informado todosos índices disponiveis no mercado financeiro.Grátis para PessoaFísica: http://www.debit.com.br
25. Site que lhe permite falar e ver pela internet com outros computadores,ou LHE PERMITE FALAR DE SEU COMPUTADOR COM TELEFONES FIXOS E CELULARES EMQUALQUER LUGAR DO MUNDO GRÁTIS - De computador para computador, voz + imagem. De computador para telefonefixo ou celular: http://www.skype.com
26. Site que lhe permite ler jornais e revistas de todo o mundo: http://www.indkx.com/index.htm
27. Site de procura de pessoas e empresas nos EUA. Só para achar a pessoaou a empresa com endereço e telefone - GRÁTIS. Se quiser levantamento completo de tudo o que a pessoa tem como patrimônio, tudo que teve deproblemajudicial e financeiro, e outras coisas mais, aí pode custar até US$ 80,00com valores intermediarios: http://www.ussearch.com/consumer/index.jspwww.ussearch.com/consumer/index.jsp
28. Site de camaras virtuais, funcionando 24 hs por dia ao redor do mundo: http://www.earthcam.com

The Influence of Money on Medical Science

JAMA -- The Influence of Money on Medical Science, August 7, 2006, DeAngelis 0 (2006): 296.8.jed60051
While on vacation recently, I had the opportunity to contemplate the sometimes unethical influence of money on medical science, a very serious issue, which has become more evident over the past year or so. It seemed ironic that this wonderful time of contemplation was aided by the soothing, normal flow of the Delaware River in Pennsylvania, which just a week before had deluged roaring destructive flood waters well beyond its normal banks. Such is the nature of Nature, which very much mimics the pattern of my thoughts over the past few weeks as I experienced what happened as a result of trying to address a serious problem.
There can be no doubt that editors of peer-reviewed medical journals must always place the interest of patients above all else. Every published article eventually can and should affect patient care. Therefore, all articles that we publish must be ethically sound, valid, reliable, and credible (ie, reflective of work that is performed, written, reviewed, and edited in a manner that is unencumbered by financial pressure). With that in mind, it is important to discern the necessary and honest interests of for-profit companies from the potentially corrupting influence of commercial interests. /.../

Inquérito telefônico DCNT - Vigitel

- Portal da Saúde - www.Saude.gov.br -: "O ministro da Saúde, Agenor Álvares, apresenta hoje um novo instrumento para verificar a relação entre os brasileiros e as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs), como hipertensão, diabetes, tabagismo e outras. Trata-se do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas por inquérito telefônico, o Vigitel, pelo qual a população será inquirida sobre seu padrão de alimentação e atividade física, suas características indicativas de composição corporal, freqüência do consumo de cigarros e de bebidas alcoólicas e outros fatores de risco.

Dessa forma, será possível fazer um levantamento sobre a distribuição e a evolução dos principais fatores de risco para DCNTs no país. Esse conhecimento é fundamental para subsidiar o delineamento e a avaliação de políticas públicas que visem à promoção da saúde da população brasileira. "/.../

The Virginia Apgar Papers

Profiles in Science: The Virginia Apgar Papers: "Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) was an American physician who is best known for the Apgar Score, a simple, rapid method for assessing newborn viability. Developed in the early 1950s and quickly adopted by obstetric teams, the method reduced infant mortality and laid the foundations of neonatology. Apgar scoring has been a standard obstetric practice for the past forty years. While best known for this achievement, Apgar was also a leader in the emerging field of anesthesiology during the 1940s and in the new field of teratology (the study of birth defects) after 1960.
The Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections is the repository for the Virginia Apgar Papers, which range from 1880 to 1975. The collection contains diaries, correspondence, course/training records, writings, Apgar Score material, financial records, biographical information, and photographs."

The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress

(Referred by Marcelo Gustavo Colominas [mgcolominas@gigared.com])
The inflammatory consequences of psychologic
stress: Relationship to insulin resistance, obesity,
atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II
Paul H. Black *
Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Room L-501, Boston, MA 02118, United States
Received 31 March 2006; accepted 4 April 2006
Summary Inflammation is frequently present in the visceral fat and vasculature in certain patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or adult onset Diabetes Mellitus Type II (NIDDM). An hypothesis is presented which argues that repeated acute or chronic psychologically stressful states may cause this inflammatory process. The mediators are the major stress hormones norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) and cortisol together with
components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), the proinflammatory cytokines (PIC), as well as free fatty acids (ffa), the latter as a result of lipolysis of neutral fat. NE/E commence this process by activation of NFjB in macrophages, visceral fat, and endothelial cells which induces the production of toll-like receptors which, when engaged, produce a cascade of inflammatory reactions comprising the acute phase response (APR) of the innate immune system (IIS). The inflammatory process is most marked in the visceral fat depot as well as the vasculature, and
is involved in the metabolic events which culminate in the insulin resistance/metabolic syndromes (IRS/MS), the components of which precede and comprise the major risk factors for CVD and NIDDM./.../

Curry & Onion for colorectal Cancer

Curry May Include Colorectal Cancer Preventive - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today: "BALTIMORE, Aug. 2 -- Chemicals in curry and onions may put the heat on colorectal cancer, helping to reduce both the size and number of adenomas in patients genetically prone to them.
In a small pilot study, pills containing curcumin, a substance found in turmeric (a key ingredient of curry), and quercetin, an anti-oxidant derived from onions, kept the adenomas at bay, according to Francis Giardiello, M.D., of Johns Hopkins here.
In what Dr. Giardiello, described as a proof of principle, he and colleagues treated five patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) for six months with curcumin and quercetin, they reported in the August issue of the journal Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis develop hundreds of adenomas and eventually colon cancer.
The study found:
The number of adenomatous polyps decreased from baseline by 60.4%, on average.
The size of the polyps fell by 50.9%, on average.
Both changes were statistically significant at P<0.05.
Adverse effects were minimal and there were no laboratory abnormalities. "